Pidgin and Creole Languages

Pidgin and Creole Languages Pidgin and Creole Languages Pidgin and Creole Languages By Maeve Maddox The word pidgin refers to a language used as a means of communication between people who do not share a common language. The word pidgin derives from a mispronunciation of the English word business. The term â€Å"Pidgin English† was first applied to the commercial lingua franca used in southern China and Melanesia, but now pidgin is a generic term that refers to any simplified language that has derived from two or more parent languages. When a pidgin develops into a more complex language and becomes the first language of a community, it is called a creole. Note: The word creole has racial applications, which are not addressed in this article. Creoles typically arise as the result of contact between the language of a dominant group and that of a subordinate group, as happened as the result of European trade and colonization. The earliest reference to a creole language is to a Portuguese-based creole spoken in Senegal. The vocabulary of a typical creole is supplied for the most part by the dominant language, while the grammar tends to be taken from the subordinate language. A pidgin is nobody’s natural language; a creole develops as a new generation grows up speaking the pidgin as its main language. The grammar of a creole usually remains simpler than that of the parent languages, but the new language begins to develop larger vocabularies to provide for a wider range of situations. Because of its distinctive use of verb tenses and other grammatical features, Black English is considered by many to be an English creole having British and American varieties. Haitian is a French creole. Unlike pidgins, creoles are complete natural languages that differ from standard dialects of the dominant parent language in pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary. Some more examples of creole languages: French-based Louisiana Creole Mauritian Creole English-based Gullah (US Sea Islands) Jamaican Creole Guyanese Creole Hawaiian Creole More than one parent language Saramacca (SurinameEnglish and Portuguese) Sranan (SurinameEnglish and Dutch) Papiamentu (Aruba, Bonaire, Curaà §aoPortuguese and Spanish) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:15 Terms for Those Who Tell the FutureConnotations of 35 Words for Funny PeopleSentence Adverbs

Amazon Publishing What is it Like to Get Signed By Them

Amazon Publishing What is it Like to Get Signed By Them Amazon Publishing: What is it Like to Get Signed By Them? Most book sales happen on Amazon these days, so there’s something incredibly appealing about having the same company publish your book. Luckily, while Amazon’s algorithms can seem mysterious, the workings of Amazon Publishing (one of the biggest publishers today) are less vague - thanks to feedback from authors who have worked with them.This post will dive into the workings of Amazon Publishing (or APub), giving you a sneak peek of what it’s like to work with them from Natalie Barelli (whose crime novel Until I Met Her was picked up by APub’s thriller imprint), and Eliot Peper, (whose Analog series was signed by their sci-fi and fantasy imprint).And on that note, let’s learn a little more about APub and it's various imprints. Get a sneak peak into what it's like to score an #AmazonPublishing book deal. What is Amazon Publishing?Amazon Publishing is Amazon’s book publishing unit. Established in 2009, it comprises 16 imprints that publish trade fiction, non-fiction, and children’s fiction around the world.Learn more about how Reedsy can help you craft a beautiful book.Amazon Publishing seems to be highly regarded by the authors who are signed by their imprints. Scoring a contract with them will not guarantee sales of your book, and some authors do report a flatline in purchases of their titles.Eliot Peper puts it very well when he says: â€Å"No matter what publication path you choose or who you publish with, you are in charge of your career. Always put your readers' interests before anyone else's. Start from first principles and never accept ‘this is just how things are done’ when something doesn't make sense. Build your own audience on your own terms. Be kind. Be generous. Be patient. Every artist is an entrepreneur, so embrace, understand, and grow the business of your creativity.†Have you been published by an Amazon Publishing imprint? Share your experiences with us! Or feel free to leave any questions, thoughts, or remarks in the comments below.

INTERNATIONAL MARKETING-Research Methodologies Paper (week 3) Essay

INTERNATIONAL MARKETING-Research Methodologies Paper (week 3) - Essay Example eral, marketing activities are all those associated with identifying the particular wants and needs of a target market of customers, and then going about satisfying those customers better than the competitors. This involves doing market research on customers, analyzing their needs, and then making strategic decisions about product design, pricing, promotion and distribution. As the world becomes a global village organizations are expanding their business from their country to all over the world. Marketing not only provides a strong base to any product but it also creates the image of the organization that the product belongs to. Marketing is not an old concept but the various ways in which it is done have evolved over a time period with the help of extreme research. Marketing is done according to the tastes and preferences of the consumers and the culture to which they belong. To find out the tastes, preferences and other factors that effect consumers buying decision different resear ch methodologies are applied by any organization before launching its product. By doing this an organization can estimate the success rate of its product or how much sales will be generated by the product, this helps them in deciding whether to launch a product or not. Our organization has faced a major boost in sales and profits since the last few years, the reason being our effective marketing strategy. Proving that our current marketing strategy is prefect for the time being. After the success of organization’s product in the domestic market due to an effective marketing strategy. The executive management team has decided that the organization will market its top selling product in the international market as well. Highly professional people have carefully selected the international market that will host the organizations top-selling product. The international market would be of Germany. In order to make an effective marketing strategy, different research methodologies would be

International Business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

International Business - Assignment Example This has been boosted by the fact that, five times daily, the Muslims are called to pray at the mosque. Moreover, the United Arab Emirates has stability in its political and economic structures. In the global quest for business, firms should be able to know the geographical distances involved the cultural backgrounds and the different time zones at hand ( Hill, 2009). A number of investments and trade developments have been carried out over the past years in United Arab Emirates that has brought in global or international recognition. The project will cover business prospects of amalgamations, joint ventures and the factors to consider when undertaking foreign direct investments. In the United Arab Emirates, there are vast instances of opportunities to yearn for to compete effectively (Griffin & Pustay, 2010). This ranges from the service industries to the manufacturing sectors. The stable political, economic, social, technological, and legal environment offered has made the country grow to a substantial level. International trade and development in foreign countries always adds value to the national income of the participating countries and therefore substantial growth (Darity, 2008). The Acorn construction company has successfully completed the construction of commercial, residential and renovation projects in the London region. The company can see the construction projects from all sides of the spectra so that good premises are built. The company undertakes projects with due experience and confidence, in an efficient manner to the benefit of customers. With this in mind, the company constructs concerning the industry standards within the stipulated time and budgetary allocations. In view of this, the company would like to venture into other countries and exploit new opportunities as it offers it construction services. This new arena is like the United Arab Emirates where it will build in respect to the cultural backgrounds there (Campbell & Netzer, 2009). Pl atforms are continuously created where ideas can be interchanged and opportunity sought to improve the corporate image of companies. This is by having international trade fairs and exhibitions to advertise services and bring together like-minded people to identify and create business opportunities. The platform created a scenario where products and services offered were uploaded to the internet through electronic commerce for an array of customers to see. This will be able to boost the profit of the company (Maidment, 2007). To garner more profits on the principle of large numbers, there should be joint ventures that generate more capital and expertise. This is for any individual that seek to enlarge the business scope by finding new opportunities and gaining footholds into new markets in the form of alliances. A relationship that subsists between two or more parties to pursue agreed upon goals is strategic alliance (Cavusgil , Knight & Riesenberger, 2012). Acorn Company for instanc e can form an alliance with an interior design company for a specific period to gain competitive advantage so that the profits can be high. In the support of international investments, the company will build structures that suit the Islamic cultural designs. This is by building standard infrastructural facilities for United Arab Emirates. In the event, the company will make profits and there will be developments (Velasquez, 2006). Over the years, the real estate business has been

Psychosis Leads to Murder Essay Example for Free

Psychosis Leads to Murder Essay Throughout In Cold Blood, Truman Capote writes on the events directly before, during, and the happenings after the brutal murdering of the Clutter family in the quaint town of Holcomb, Kansas. The actions Dick Hickock and Perry Smith attracted Capote and led him to ultimately report on the entire ordeal. Throughout Capote’s masterpiece, In Cold Blood, Hickock and Smith’s deranged and psychotic actions directly correlate to a deep psychosis they both suffered for multiple years. Throughout the novel, In Cold Blood, the two murderers, Dick Hickock and Perry Smith, show instances of unwarranted anger and aggression that leads readers into believing that a serious issue with their psyches have occurred. Early in, the novel Hickock states, â€Å"I didn’t want to harm the man. I thought he was a very nice gentleman. Soft-spoken. I thought so right up to the moment I cut his throat† (Capote 88). Here, the reader can clearly see Hickock contradicting himself but in in a rather frightening way. Smith also shows an instance of this as well later in the novel when he says, â€Å"I wish she’d been in that house that night. What a sweet scene!† (Capote 259). When Smith says ‘she’ in the previous, quote he is referring to his own sister. He vocalizes that he wishes his sister was among the Clutters in their house the night he and Dick killed them. This allows the reader to truly gage the depth of his psychosis by not even allowing himself to show any compassion to his own family. In Brian Conniff’s article â€Å"Psychological Accidents: In Cold Blood and Ritual Sacrifice,† he agrees with the previous thought by stating, â€Å"Hickock was the one with the ‘sexual intrest in female children’ who wants to stop, in the middle of the burglary, to rape Nancy Clutter,† a direct quote from Smith (5). Furnished from Capote’ s personal accounts, it allows the reader to see further into the extreme violence of the convicted felons. Aside from unwarranted anger and aggression, both, Hickock and Smith show a magnitude of signs that allow outsiders to infer that they, themselves, know of their mental condition and knowingly choose to ignore it. In many instances they vocalize this to each other and even to complete strangers. Shortly after the murders Smith said, â€Å"†¦The kind of psychotic rage it took to commit such a crime† (Capote 83). And Hickock mentioned, â€Å"I think there must be something seriously wrong with us to do what we did† (Capote 108). The context of these two quotes makes it quite easy to understand why readers believe that Hickock and Smith knew of their mental issues prior to the murders but both decided to ignore them. In Conniff’s article â€Å"Psychological Accidents: In Cold Blood and Ritual Sacrifice,† he agrees with the idea above by stating a written portion of an interview with Hickock done by Capote that reads, â€Å"Like all of the rest of the ‘normals,’ as Perry calls them—‘respectable people, safe and smug people’† (3). This is yet another solid acknowledgement of his insanity, which he chooses to blatantly ignore. Throughout the entire novel, Hickock and Smith both suffer seriously from psychotic delusions and emotional rants, which forces readers to perceive Hickock and Smith as mentally insane men. During one of these rants Smith exclaims, â€Å"I WANT TO CONESS!† (Capote 100). Hickock also shows multiple instances of emotional rants also. One of many comes when his sister says she will not contact him and he, overrun by emotion, states, â€Å"I wish she’d been in that house that night. What a sweet scene!† (Capote 259). And also, â€Å"I wouldn’t give a damn if this car caught fire and burned me alive† (Capote 188). Both these quotes appear while suffering severe shifts in emotions, which he could not control, thus proving his mental instability. After authorities caught the two, and while being questioned Smith stated, â€Å"It was part passion- a passion that was pathological,† meaning that he could not control himself (Capote 186). Small indications, such as these, allow readers to see deep into the psyche of Hickock and Smith, displaying disturbing images. Throughout unwarranted acts of anger and aggression, Hickock and Smith’s acknowledgement of their insanity, and the delusions and rants they experience directly correlation between their acts of horror and the deep psychosis they became trapped in late in their lives. This psychosis directly relates to why they did the terrible things they did, and why they didn’t think anything of it. This correlation becomes easily seen by allowing the reader to glance deep within the psyche of these two ruthless killers. Works Cited Capote, Truman. In Cold Blood. New York: Random House, 1966. Print. Conniff, Brian. Psychological Accidents: In Cold Blood and Ritual Sacrifice. The Midwest Quarterly: A Journal of Contemporary Thought 35.1 (Autumn 1993): 77-94. Rpt. in Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism. Ed. Thomas J. Schoenberg and Lawrence J. Trudeau. Vol. 164. Detroit: Gale, 2005. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 8 Nov. 2011.

Americanization and Canadian Culture :: Canadian Culture Essays

Americanization and Canadian Culture Gaà «tan Tremblay is a professor at the University in Quebec in Montreal. As a concerned Quebecois, He wrote an article which discusses the Americanization of Canada, in particular Quebec. Tremblay seems to have a strong stand point about the future of Quebec. Using statistical and literary evidence, primary and secondary sources, he attempts to support his argument that Quebec is a victim of American cultural colonization. Tremblay fears that Canadian culture is going to disappear as a result of the Canadian-American Free Trade Agreement. Tremblay started his article with what broadcasting is considered to be in Canada which is â€Å"an instrument of production and diffusion that must contribute to the maintenance and development of Canadian culture and its various components†. By this approach and use of words, he planted the idea that broadcasting is a fundamental tool for Canadian culture in his readers’ minds. This is effective because it insures how his readers will perceive broadcasting while reading the rest of his article. He supported this with an extract from the Broadcasting Act which focused on that point. His article started off strong but then weakened with his excessive use of quotations from the Canadian Broadcasting Act and his minimum effort in evaluating the quotes themselves. After discussing the importance of culture to Canadians he went on to mention how culture is not as important to Americans with his statement â€Å"For Americans, in contrast, cultural products are commodities like any other..†. Although this may strengthen his argument, it is also a biased statement since he is not American himself and he stated it like it was a known fact. Following that accusation, he attempted to support his idea of America’s dissolving culture by an exert from the National Telecommunications and Information Administration report which focuseed on the deregulation of their radio broadcasting system. The exert does not directly imply that the United States cares less about its culture because they are considering deregulation of radio broadcasting. The American Culture may not be threatened by deregulation the same way as the Canadian culture. But since he started his essay by mentioning how broadcasting â€Å"must† contribute to the development of Canadian culture, he is implying that the American culture has the same concept. The American culture may not be severely effected by deregulation just as the Canadian culture, so Tremblay’s argument may not be valid. To some readers who did not notice the bias, this argument may be considered very strong and convincing.

The World has changed for the worse

The world has changed for the worse. Humans are destroying our society. Our economy Is getting worse. Our crime rates are going up dally. Racism Is tearing apart our society. Society Is undergoing many changes and Is changing for the worse. There are many contributing factors that is making the USA economy go downhill . People earning minimum wage are not making enough money to pay their bills . November 201 3 through January 2014 the Wall-mart company was losing profit because sales were low. (Kurt) The sales were low because of the food stamp cuts by the governments, and because winter storms caused Wall-mart to close a few mimes (Kurt).Wall-mart plans to lay off around 2. 300 employees from Sam club around the US. (Kurt) . â€Å"Based on the White House's own figures, the national debt will reach $20. 0 trillion by the end of this decade?about 140% of our current GAP. † (US Economic Outlook) To pay the national debt the people pay more in taxes. Crime rates are still a prob lem In our society . Today 1 out of every 100 adults is In prison or Jail (Minnesota Dally)The daily news always shows another dead body found or someone murdered. Data from 2008 said there are 2. 319,258 people were In Jail In he united States (Minnesota Daily).Yesterday my mom went for a walk in the park. She parked her car and when she came back from the walk one of her car doors was wide open. People can't even go to the park today without there car getting broke into! So my mother is keeping her doors in her car locked every time she gets out now. The US homicide rate is still one of the highest In the industrialized world (Walked). U. S. Has not only a messed up economy and high crime rates but racism is also a problem. Department store employees follow African Americans around in a store cause they think they may shoplift. Becker).. The media are attracted to anything that smacks of racism(Thomas). Los Angels Clippers owner Donald Sterling tells a friend he would rather not h ave black people showing up at his games (Boston Globe). The unemployment rate for blacks Is consistently about double that of whites (Boston Globe). Well there you have it . We have racism, an economy on the verge of collapsing, and crime is a problem everywhere you go. The economy is so messed up we can't live off of a full-time minimum wage Job. In my opinion we are destroying ourselves.Can we save our country before we destroy what Americans worked so hard to create? We need to do our best and save our country before all of the freedom we have, all of the culture we have, disappears and the only explanation we will have at the end is it's too late. All we did was sit here, everyone should do something and take a stand to make our country a better place. A country we can actually say is number 1 and have proof behind that statement. Becker, Bob, and Cal Thomas. â€Å"Common Ground: Fight American Racism. † Gannett, 07 May 2014. Web. 30 May 2014. USA Today.

Health Conscious Consumer Essay

â€Å"Health means wealth†, once an adage has now become a motto of the major food processing companies in India. And this motto is not a far-fetched perception of the current consumer needs in the Indian foods and beverages market. The Tata Strategic Management Group (TSMG), a management consulting firm has estimated the current worth of the health and wellness foods market in India at INR101.5bn and sees it potentially rising at a compounded annual growth rate of 23% to INR550bn, by 2015. This trend of consumer buying behaviour started with the weight-conscious consumer who looked for products that could aid him in losing weight, which was perceived as the easiest route to healthy living. One of the products leading this trend was the artificial sweetener with Sugarfree and Equal being the major players. But with time, the Indian consumer has evolved from weight-consciousness to health-consciousness and we have seen an uptrend in the sales of products that offer more holistic health benefits. The past decade has seen a plethora of products in this category from all major players in the Indian Foods & Beverages industry. According to the TSMG report, curd or yoghurt, flour, savoury snacks, juices and edible oils are likely to be the top five fastest-growing food categories in India by 2015. Among the savoury snacks market, the biscuits industry is poised for a very steep growth path with companies trying to promote biscuits as a healthy snack. Britannia Industries has recently rebranded itself and used the tagline ‘Swasth Khao, Tan Man Jagao’ or ‘Eat healthy, rejuvenate mind and soul’ to launch NutriChoice, a range of high-fibre, five-grain and naturally spiced biscuits earlier this year. Anuradha Narasimhan, category director, health and wellness, at Britannia Industries says: â€Å"We believe the health and wellness category in India is poised for an explosion.† Indian Branded Breakfast market is worth around Rs 300 crore. In volume terms it is 140000 tonnes. Oats market is worth around 4000 tonnes. After the Kellogg’s foray in to the breakfast market in 1990, Quaker is the only high profile product launch in this segment that might indicate major upheavals in this category. With Pepsi’s Tropicana also rebranding itself as a breakfast juice, the breakfast foods market in India has emerged as an entirely new consumption trend for these products. The branded fruit juice market in India is estimated to be worth Rs 750 crore (nectars, drinks and juices combined) and the segment is growing at about 30 per cent per annum. Big players like Dabur, Pepsi, Godrej and Parle Agro are already in the market and in view of the swift growth in the market, a newcomer like Coca-Cola Minute Maid have come into the market with new products in the recent years. The current Indian market is young – the median age is 25 years – net savvy and health conscious. It seeks an easy route to health rather than a lifestyle change. Eating healthier food is one such easy route. According to a survey conducted, nearly 64% of the consumers were consciously working to eat/drink healthy products. This statistic not only indicates the magnanimity of current market for health conscious products but also depicts the yet untapped potential of 36 % of consumers and the scope of making them health conscious for driving future growth. Health awareness Health awareness is something which the FMCG companies have been taking very seriously. They have been reemphasizing their category point of parity again and again to make the customer aware of the product. According to the survey majority i.e. 48% of the consumers came to know of the brand from the TV advertisements. A surprising statistic which came with it was that the second best method of awareness was Friends and Family which shows word of mouth marketing holds a big chunk in the brand awareness drive of brands. Consumption Pattern Marketers of all major FMCG houses have been taking consumption patterns really seriously. The consumption pattern of consumer determines what expectation does the consumer have with the meal at that time and also at times what preference he might take. The consumers were asked what time did they consume their favourite health-related product. A huge proportion of 76 % in ‘No particular Schedule’ shows the disorganized behaviour right now in the sector. Now, it is how well brands who have already entered the category differentiate itself from the other brands and organize the category well to get maximum benefits out of it. Reasons to Buy The consumers were also asked what are the major criteria they judge a health-related products on. The results shown depict how different reasons lead to preference of one product over other. It can also be considered as parameters which effect the consumers the most in this category. Firstly, a very important insight visible is that only 24 % of the people surveyed pointed out price as their parameter to decide the preferred product. Two-Thirds of the consumers use the specified nutritional value to be the deciding criterion. After establishing a strong footprint in the urban markets, the trend of health-conscious consumers is now moving to tier-II and tier-III cities and to remain competitive in these markets the companies might have to focus on creating competitive price points for their products for sustainable long-term growth in India.

The Description of Nature in Jack Dykinga Photographs

The Description of Nature in Jack Dykinga Photographs Jack Dykinga is a prominent photographer whose pictures of mountains, forests, and prairies continue to fascinate many people. His rich palette and ability to depict space is very difficult to recreate, but they produce a powerful impression on viewers. To examine his style, one can take a look at two of his photograph of Petrified Forest National Park and Sand Tank Mountains.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Description of Nature in Jack Dykinga’ Photographs specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Overall, I can say that Jack Dykinga has been able to portray the beauty of nature in Arizona. Moreover, his techniques should be considered by professional photographers who are interested in landscape. There are several aspects of these photographs that I would like to discuss, namely the interplay of light and shadow and structured space. These are the issues should be examined. There are several qualities of these p hotographs that make them almost unforgettable. One of them is structured space. For instance, one can look at his picture of Petrified Forest National Park1. There is horizontal divide that separates shaded and illuminated parts of the mountain. Overall, I say that such a moment is very difficult to capture and it is a skill of a great photographer. It is worth noting that this picture was taken at sunset and but the Moon is still visible. Moreover, this picture has a very rich palette. The viewer can see how grey color of the mountain is transformed into fiery orange and this image is unforgettable. In my opinion, this effect is difficult to produce because one has to occupy a certain position and use a certain type of camera. Overall, these qualities distinguish Jack Dykinga among others. Additionally, one can look at the way in which Jack Dykinga photographs Sand Tank Mountains2. There is one detail that attracts the attention of the viewer, in particular one can mention the con trast between bright and dull colors. Overall, the photographs of Jack Dykinga enjoy considerable popularity among people who like the landscapes of Arizona. It should be noted that Jack Dykinga is one of those photographers who has made the images of Arizona nature popular among many people (Browden, 1994).Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the whole, the works of this photographer are of great interest to me. While working on this project, I attempted to recreate some of the techniques used by Jack Dykinga. For example, I attempted to emulate his palette in which there is a divide between dark and bright colors. In my opinion, this effect is very difficult to achieve because a photographer should choose a certain angle and moment when one can see an interplay of light and shadow. This task is quite challenging. Furthermore, one has to choose the best moment at which one can capture the game of light and shadow. Certainly, I will try to develop my own style of photography. However, I do like Dykinga’s perception of nature and his ability to highlight the beauty of landscape. The pictures discussed in the paper show that that a photographer is not a mere observer of people or physical environment. This individual should be able to see how colors, shapes, and space can interact. Only in this way, one can create unique and unforgettable images. This is the main lesson that I learned from the works of Jack Dykinga. Appendixes Picture 1. Petrified Forest National Park Picture 2Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Description of Nature in Jack Dykinga’ Photographs specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Reference List Browden, C. (1994). Frog Mountain Blues. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. Footnotes 1 Picture 1 2 Picture 2

How to Use the STDEV.S Function in Excel

How to Use the STDEV.S Function in Excel The standard deviation is a descriptive statistic that tells us about the dispersion- or spread- of a set of data. Just like using many other formulas in statistics, the calculation of a standard deviation is a fairly tedious process to do by hand. Fortunately, statistical software speeds up this calculation considerably. Statistical Software There are many software packages that do statistical calculations, but one of the most readily accessible programs is Microsoft Excel. Although we could use a step-by-step process using the formula for a standard deviation for our calculation, it is possible to complete this calculation using one Excel function. Populations and Samples Before moving on to the specific commands used to calculate a standard deviation, it is important to distinguish between a population and a sample. A population is the set of every individual being studied. A sample is a subset of a population. The difference between these two concepts means the difference in how a standard deviation is calculated. Standard Deviation in Excel To use Excel to determine the sample standard deviation of a set of quantitative data, type these numbers into a group of adjacent cells in a spreadsheet. In an empty cell type what is in the quotation marks STDEV.S(  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Following this type the location of the cells where the data is and then close the parentheses with ​). This can alternatively be done by use of the following procedure. If our data is located in cells A2 to A10, then (omitting the quotation marks) STDEV.S(A2:A10) will obtain the sample standard deviation of the entries in cells A2 to A10. Rather than typing the location of the cells where our data is located, we can use a different method. This involves typing the first half of the formula STDEV.S(, and clicking on the first cell where the data is located. A colored box will appear around the cell that we have selected. We then drag the mouse until we have selected all of the cells that contain our data. We finish this by closing the parentheses. Cautions There a few cautions that must be made in using Excel for this calculation. We need to make sure that we do not mix up out functions. The Excel formula STDEV.S closely resembles STDEV.P. The former is typically the necessary formula for our calculations, as it is used when our data is a sample from a population. In the event that our data constitutes the entire population being studied, then we would want to use STDEV.P. Another thing that we must be careful about concerns the number of data values. Excel is limited by the number of values that can be entered into the standard deviation function. All of the cells that we use for our calculation must be numerical. We must be sure that error cells and cells with text in them are not entered into the standard deviation formula.

The Directive and the Conduct of the Undertakings or Individuals Research Paper

The Directive and the Conduct of the Undertakings or Individuals - Research Paper Example In â€Å"Pretore di salo v unknown †, it was held that a directive cannot, of either independently or itself of a â€Å"national law perused by a Member Nation for its execution which has the impact of aggravating or deciding the accountability in criminal law of individuals who function in infringement of the provisions of such a ruling† .† The above constitute as an incompatible with fundamental needs of legal certainty; individuals must be able to bank upon their national law. It is to be noted that no obligation can be imposed upon individuals if a directive has not implemented in a Member Nation. This connotes that where a Member Nation is yet to implement an EC directive, for instance, a specific environmental tax, it cannot legally levy the environmental tax directly in its region on the footing of such a directive. This also connotes that there is a choice for an individual: where national law is silent as about the directive, individuals may bank upon, by selecting the best alternative which is suitable to them, either, on the contrary provision of national law or on a directly applicable directive provision. Thus, in such cases, individuals are entitled to go for â€Å"provision shopping. â€Å" This can be regarded as a one -way vertical impact of directives due to an inherent outcome. However, there is a possibility that the directive may have some negative impacts on taxpayers. National courts and authorities are needed to construe national law in such a manner that it confers with specific Community Law, particularly where directives have not or ambiguously or not correctly been integrated into national law.